Current and future use of neuromodulation in heart failure .

Autonomic imbalance is a common finding in heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Addressing different targets within the autonomic nervous systems has been evaluated in patients with HF, including renal sympathetic denervation, vagal nerve stimulation, and baroreceptor activation therapy (BAT). Although all are pathophysiologically plausible and promising, only BAT shows sufficient evidence for implementation into clinical practice in randomized controlled trials. Baroreceptor activation therapy can be used in patients with symptomatic HFrEF despite optimal guideline-directed medication and device therapy. This article reviews the current and future use of neuromodulation in HF and provides an overview on current guideline recommendations and clinical practice.