Antithrombotic Therapy in Peripheral Artery Disease: Current Evidence and Future Directions.
Mario Enrico CanonicoRaffaele PiccoloMarisa AvvedimentoAttilio LeoneSalvatore EspositoAnna FranzoneGiuseppe GiuglianoGiuseppe GargiuloConnie N HessScott D BerkowitzJudith HsiaPlinio CirilloGiovanni EspositoMarc P BonacaPublished in: Journal of cardiovascular development and disease (2023)
Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) are at an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, and those with disease in the lower extremities are at risk of major adverse limb events primarily driven by atherothrombosis. Traditionally, PAD refers to diseases of the arteries outside of the coronary circulation, including carotid, visceral and lower extremity peripheral artery disease, and the heterogeneity of PAD patients is represented by different atherothrombotic pathophysiology, clinical features and related antithrombotic strategies. The risk in this diverse population includes systemic risk of cardiovascular events as well as risk related to the diseased territory (e.g., artery to artery embolic stroke for patients with carotid disease, lower extremity artery to artery embolism and atherothrombosis in patients with lower extremity disease). Moreover, until the last decade, clinical data on antithrombotic management of PAD patients have been drawn from subanalyses of randomized clinical trials addressing patients affected by coronary artery disease. The high prevalence and related poor prognosis in PAD patients highlight the pivotal role of tailored antithrombotic therapy in patients affected by cerebrovascular, aortic and lower extremity peripheral artery disease. Thus, the proper assessment of thrombotic and hemorrhagic risk in patients with PAD represents a key clinical challenge that must be met to permit the optimal antithrombotic prescription for the various clinical settings in daily practice. The aim of this updated review is to analyze different features of atherothrombotic disease as well as current evidence of antithrombotic management in asymptomatic and secondary prevention in PAD patients according to each arterial bed.
Keyphrases
- coronary artery disease
- end stage renal disease
- cardiovascular events
- peripheral artery disease
- atrial fibrillation
- poor prognosis
- chronic kidney disease
- ejection fraction
- newly diagnosed
- prognostic factors
- primary care
- emergency department
- single cell
- healthcare
- long non coding rna
- patient reported outcomes
- coronary artery
- physical activity
- left ventricular
- cardiovascular disease
- type diabetes
- insulin resistance
- blood brain barrier
- smoking cessation
- peritoneal dialysis
- electronic health record
- adverse drug
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- soft tissue
- aortic valve
- cerebral ischemia