[Chimeric embryos and pseudo-embryos: An alternative to human embryos for research].

The study of human development is essential to further our knowledge and to improve our therapeutic strategies in the fields of reproductive and regenerative medicine. Given the limited access to supernumerary embryos and the prohibition on creating new ones for research, two alternative strategies can be proposed to study human embryonic development. The first is to create pseudo-embryos or blastoids. The second is to create human/animal chimeric embryos by injecting pluripotent stem cells, ES or iPS, into animal embryos. We explain herein the importance of these new experimental paradigms for studying human development and their complementarity.