Performance evaluation of a prescription medication image classification model: an observational cohort.
Corey A LesterJiazhao LiYuting DingBrigid RowellJessie 'Xi' YangRaed Al KontarPublished in: NPJ digital medicine (2021)
Technology assistance of pharmacist verification tasks through the use of machine intelligence has the potential to detect dangerous and costly pharmacy dispensing errors. National Drug Codes (NDC) are unique numeric identifiers of prescription drug products for the United States Food and Drug Administration. The physical form of the medication, often tablets and capsules, captures the unique features of the NDC product to help ensure patients receive the same medication product inside their prescription bottle as is found on the label from a pharmacy. We report and evaluate using an automated check to predict the shape, color, and NDC for images showing a pile of pills inside a prescription bottle. In a test set containing 65,274 images of 345 NDC classes, overall macro-average precision was 98.5%. Patterns of incorrect NDC predictions based on similar colors, shapes, and imprints of pills were identified and recommendations to improve the model are provided.
Keyphrases
- deep learning
- adverse drug
- end stage renal disease
- convolutional neural network
- healthcare
- drug administration
- machine learning
- ejection fraction
- newly diagnosed
- chronic kidney disease
- optical coherence tomography
- mental health
- physical activity
- prognostic factors
- working memory
- human health
- emergency department
- quality improvement
- cross sectional
- clinical practice
- patient reported outcomes