Knowledge Gap in Understanding the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Regulation in Steroidogenesis Following Exposure to Bisphenol A and Its Analogues.
Nur Erysha Sabrina JefferiAsma' 'Afifah ShamhariZariyantey Abd HamidSiti Balkis BudinAdam Muhammad Zackry ZulkiflyFatin Norisha RoslanIzatus Shima TaibPublished in: Biomedicines (2022)
The use of bisphenols has become extremely common in our daily lives. Due to the extensive toxic effects of Bisphenol A (BPA), the industry has replaced this endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) with its analogues, which have been proven to decrease testosterone levels via several mechanisms, including targeting the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. However, when exposed to BPA and its analogues, the specific mechanism that emerges to target StAR protein regulations remains uncertain. Hence, this review discusses the effects of BPA and its analogues in StAR protein regulation by targeting cAMP-PKA, PLC-PKC, EGFR-MAPK/ERK and Ca 2+ -Nur77. BPA and its analogues mainly lead to decreased LH in blood and increased ERK expression and Ca 2+ influx, with no relationship with the StAR protein regulation in testicular steroidogenesis. Furthermore, the involvement of the cAMP-PKA, PLC-PKC, and Nur77 molecules in StAR regulation in Leydig cells exposed to BPA and its analogues remains questionable. In conclusion, although BPA and its analogues have been found to disrupt the StAR protein, the evidence in connecting the signaling pathways with the StAR regulations in testicular steroidogenesis is still lacking, and more research is needed to draw a solid conclusion.
Keyphrases
- molecular docking
- signaling pathway
- binding protein
- protein protein
- small cell lung cancer
- healthcare
- amino acid
- structure activity relationship
- liver failure
- induced apoptosis
- pi k akt
- cell proliferation
- transcription factor
- poor prognosis
- protein kinase
- small molecule
- intensive care unit
- respiratory failure
- cell death
- epithelial mesenchymal transition