The effect of wearable-delivered sleep interventions on sleep outcomes among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

The aims of the review are to (1) evaluate the effectiveness of wearable-delivered sleep interventions on sleep outcomes among adults and (2) explore the effect of factors affecting total sleep time. Eight databases were searched to identify relevant studies in English without year limitations from inception until December 23, 2021. The Cochrane risk of bias tool version 2.0 and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) criteria were used to assess the risk of bias and certainty of the evidence, respectively. Twenty randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included, involving 1608 adults across nine countries. Wearable-delivered sleep interventions elicited significant improvement of 1.96 events/hour for oxygen desaturation index and 3.13 events/hour for respiratory distress index. Meta-analyses found that wearable-delivered sleep interventions significantly decreased sleep disturbance (Hedges' g (g) -0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.59, -0.15) and sleep-related impairment (g - 1.06, 95% CI: -1.99, -0.13) compared with the comparators. The wearable-delivered sleep interventions may complement usual care to improve sleep outcomes. More rigorous RCTs with a long-term assessment in a wide range of populations are warranted. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.