Virus-inspired and mimetic designs in non-viral gene delivery.

Virus-inspired mimics for nucleic acid transportation have attracted much attention in the past decade, especially the derivative microenvironment stimuli-responsive designs. In the present mini-review, the smart designs of gene carriers that overcome biological barriers and realize an efficient delivery are categorized with respect to the different "triggers" provided by tumor cells, including pH, redox potentials, ATP, enzymes and reactive oxygen species. Some dual/multi-responsive gene vectors have also been introduced that show a more precise and efficient delivery in the complicated environment of human body. In addition, inspired by the special recognition mechanisms and components of viruses, improvements in the design of carriers relating to targeting/penetration properties, as well as chemical component evolution, are also addressed.