Comparative Analysis of TLS and UAV Sensors for Estimation of Grapevine Geometric Parameters.

Understanding geometric and biophysical characteristics is essential for determining grapevine vigor and improving input management and automation in viticulture. This study compares point cloud data obtained from a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and various UAV sensors including multispectral, panchromatic, Thermal Infrared (TIR), RGB, and LiDAR data, to estimate geometric parameters of grapevines. Descriptive statistics, linear correlations, significance using the F-test of overall significance, and box plots were used for analysis. The results indicate that 3D point clouds from these sensors can accurately estimate maximum grapevine height, projected area, and volume, though with varying degrees of accuracy. The TLS data showed the highest correlation with grapevine height ( r = 0.95, p < 0.001; R 2 = 0.90; RMSE = 0.027 m), while point cloud data from panchromatic, RGB, and multispectral sensors also performed well, closely matching TLS and measured values ( r > 0.83, p < 0.001; R 2 > 0.70; RMSE < 0.084 m). In contrast, TIR point cloud data performed poorly in estimating grapevine height ( r = 0.76, p < 0.001; R 2 = 0.58; RMSE = 0.147 m) and projected area ( r = 0.82, p < 0.001; R 2 = 0.66; RMSE = 0.165 m). The greater variability observed in projected area and volume from UAV sensors is related to the low point density associated with spatial resolution. These findings are valuable for both researchers and winegrowers, as they support the optimization of TLS and UAV sensors for precision viticulture, providing a basis for further research and helping farmers select appropriate technologies for crop monitoring.