Longitudinal EpiTrack assessment of executive functions following vagus nerve stimulation therapy in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.

Based on EpiTrack total scores, the LME model predicted a four-point improvement in executive functions among DRE patients at five years after the initiation of VNS, representing a clinically meaningful change. DRE patients with comorbid depression seemed to experience the most cognitive benefits. Additionally, better cognitive outcomes were achieved if the patient took less than three ASMs.