Nanoclay Hydrogel Microspheres with a Sandwich-Like Structure for Complex Tissue Infection Treatment.

Addressing complex tissue infections remains a challenging task because of the lack of effective means, and the limitations of traditional bioantimicrobial materials in single-application scenarios hinder their utility for complex infection sites. Hence, the development of a bioantimicrobial material with broad applicability and potent bactericidal activity is necessary to treat such infections. In this study, a layered lithium magnesium silicate nanoclay (LMS) is used to construct a nanobactericidal platform. This platform exhibits a sandwich-like structure, which is achieved through copper ion modification using a dopamine-mediated metallophenolic network. Moreover, the nanoclay is encapsulated within gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel microspheres for the treatment of complex tissue infections. The results demonstrate that the sandwich-like micro- and nanobactericidal hydrogel microspheres effectively eradicated Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) while exhibiting excellent biocompatibility with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, the hydrogel microspheres upregulated the expression levels of osteogenic differentiation and angiogenesis-related genes in these cells. In vivo experiments validated the efficacy of sandwich-like micro- and nanobactericidal hydrogel microspheres when injected into deep infected tissues, effectively eliminating bacteria and promoting robust vascular regeneration and tissue repair. Therefore, these innovative sandwich-like micro- and nanobacteriostatic hydrogel microspheres show great potential for treating complex tissue infections.