Citrus Pomace as a Source of Plant Complexes to Be Used in the Nutraceutical Field of Intestinal Inflammation.
Mariarosaria IngegneriMaria Rita BraghiniMichela PiccioneCristiano De StefanisManuela MandroneIlaria ChiocchioFerruccio PoliMartina ImbesiAnna AlisiAntonella SmeriglioDomenico TrombettaPublished in: Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) (2024)
This study aims to recover the main by-product of Citrus fruits processing, the raw pomace, known also as pastazzo , to produce plant complexes to be used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Food-grade extracts from orange (OE) and lemon (LE) pomace were obtained by ultrasound-assisted maceration. After a preliminary phytochemical and biological screening by in vitro assays, primary and secondary metabolites were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR) and liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS) analyses. The intestinal bioaccessibility and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were investigated by in vitro simulated gastro-intestinal digestion followed by treatments on a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2). The tight junctions-associated structural proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-1, and Occludin), transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), reactive oxygen species (ROS)-levels, expression of some key antioxidant ( CAT , NRF2 and SOD2 ) and inflammatory ( IL-1β , IL-6 , TNF-α , IL-8 ) genes, and pNFkB p65 nuclear translocation, were evaluated. The OE and LE digesta, which did not show any significant difference in terms of phytochemical profile, showed significant effects in protecting against the LPS-induced intestinal barrier damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory response. In conclusion, both OE and LE emerged as potential candidates for further preclinical studies on in vivo IBD models.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- inflammatory response
- lps induced
- mass spectrometry
- liquid chromatography
- ms ms
- anti inflammatory
- magnetic resonance
- reactive oxygen species
- dna damage
- high resolution
- lipopolysaccharide induced
- diabetic rats
- induced apoptosis
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- toll like receptor
- simultaneous determination
- high throughput
- high resolution mass spectrometry
- endothelial cells
- squamous cell carcinoma
- ulcerative colitis
- poor prognosis
- cell death
- genome wide
- risk assessment
- high performance liquid chromatography
- tandem mass spectrometry
- stem cells
- single molecule
- solid state
- signaling pathway
- cell therapy
- climate change
- transcription factor
- immune response
- magnetic resonance imaging
- dna methylation
- capillary electrophoresis
- bioinformatics analysis
- drinking water