Bilingualism and Structural Network Organization in Left Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Resilience in Neurologic Disease.

Higher structural network organization in bilingual individuals with LTLE suggests a neuromodulatory effect of bilingualism on whole-brain connectivity in epilepsy, providing evidence for neural reserve. This may reflect attenuation of or compensation for epilepsy-related dysfunction of the left hemisphere, potentially driven by increased efficiency of frontal-executive networks that mediate dual-language control. This highlights a potential role of bilingualism as a protective factor in epilepsy, motivating further research across neurological disorders to define mechanisms and develop interventions.