Chronic Adaptations to Eccentric Cycling Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of eccentric cycling (ECC CYC ) training on performance, physiological, and morphological parameters in comparison to concentric cycling (CON CYC ) training. Searches were conducted using PubMed, Embase, and ScienceDirect. Studies comparing the effect of ECC CYC and CON CYC training regimens on performance, physiological, and/or morphological parameters were included. Bayesian multilevel meta-analysis models were used to estimate the population's mean difference between chronic responses from ECC CYC and CON CYC training protocols. Group levels and meta-regression were used to evaluate the specific effects of subjects and study characteristics. Fourteen studies were included in this review. The meta-analyses showed that ECC CYC training was more effective in increasing knee extensor strength, vastus lateralis fiber cross-sectional area, and six-minute walking distance compared to CON CYC . Moreover, ECC CYC was as effective as CON CYC in decreasing body fat percentage. CON CYC was more effective in increasing V˙O2max and peak power output attained during concentric incremental tests. However, group-level analyses revealed that ECC CYC was more effective than CON CYC in improving V˙O2max in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. ECC CYC is a viable modality for exercise interventions aiming to improve parameters of muscle strength, hypertrophy, functional capacity, aerobic power, and body composition, with more advantages than CON CYC training in improving neuromuscular variables.