Automatic Coding of Facial Expressions of Pain: Are We There Yet?

Stefan LautenbacherTeena HassanDominik SeussFrederik W LoyJens-Uwe GarbasUte SchmidMiriam Kunz

Published in: Pain research & management (2022)

At the moment, automatic analyses of genuine facial expressions of pain may qualify at best as semiautomatic systems, which require further validation by human observers before they can be used to validly assess facial expressions of pain.

Keyphrases

chronic pain
pain management
neuropathic pain
deep learning
endothelial cells
machine learning
soft tissue
spinal cord injury
spinal cord
postoperative pain
induced pluripotent stem cells
pluripotent stem cells