Outcomes of bidirectional Glenn surgery done without prior cardiac catheterization.

Although pre-BDG cardiac catheterization is the routine and standard practice, in certain situations, some patients with single ventricle physiology and restrictive pulmonary blood flow may go directly to BDG without cardiac catheterization if noninvasive imaging is satisfactory on a case-by-case basis and according to center experience. Pre-BDG catheterization could be reserved for patients with limited echocardiographic studies, high-risk patients, or those indicated for catheter intervention before BDG surgery.