Contributions of carotid bodies, retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons and preBötzinger complex astrocytes to the CO 2 -sensitive drive for breathing.

Current models of respiratory CO 2 chemosensitivity are centred around the function of a specific population of neurons residing in the medullary retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN). However, there is significant evidence suggesting that chemosensitive neurons exist in other brainstem areas, including the rhythm-generating region of the medulla oblongata - the preBötzinger complex (preBötC). There is also evidence that astrocytes, non-neuronal brain cells, contribute to central CO 2 chemosensitivity. In this study, we reevaluated the relative contributions of the RTN neurons, the preBötC astrocytes, and the carotid body chemoreceptors in mediating the respiratory responses to CO 2 in experimental animals (adult laboratory rats). To block astroglial signalling via exocytotic release of transmitters, preBötC astrocytes were targeted to express the tetanus toxin light chain (TeLC). Bilateral expression of TeLC in preBötC astrocytes was associated with ∼20% and ∼30% reduction of the respiratory response to CO 2 in conscious and anaesthetized animals, respectively. Carotid body denervation reduced the CO 2 respiratory response by ∼25%. Bilateral inhibition of RTN neurons transduced to express Gi-coupled designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drug (DREADD Gi ) by application of clozapine-N-oxide reduced the CO 2 response by ∼20% and ∼40% in conscious and anaesthetized rats, respectively. Combined blockade of astroglial signalling in the preBötC, inhibition of RTN neurons and carotid body denervation reduced the CO 2 -induced respiratory response by ∼70%. These data further support the hypothesis that the CO 2 -sensitive drive to breathe requires inputs from the peripheral chemoreceptors and several central chemoreceptor sites. At the preBötC level, astrocytes modulate the activity of the respiratory network in response to CO 2 , either by relaying chemosensory information (i.e. they act as CO 2  sensors) or by enhancing the preBötC network excitability to chemosensory inputs. KEY POINTS: This study reevaluated the roles played by the carotid bodies, neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and astrocytes of the preBötC in mediating the CO 2 -sensitive drive to breathe. The data obtained show that disruption of preBötC astroglial signalling, blockade of inputs from the peripheral chemoreceptors or inhibition of RTN neurons similarly reduce the respiratory response to hypercapnia. These data provide further support for the hypothesis that the CO 2 -sensitive drive to breathe is mediated by the inputs from the peripheral chemoreceptors and several central chemoreceptor sites.