Inflammation Related to Obesity in the Etiopathogenesis of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.
Marlena BudekJarosław NuszkiewiczAnna PiórkowskaJolanta CzuczejkoKarolina Szewczyk-GolecPublished in: Biomedicines (2022)
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are rare neoplasms, which, due to their heterogeneous nature, non-specific symptoms, and lack of specific tumor markers pose many diagnostic and clinical challenges. In recent years, the effectiveness of GEP-NEN diagnosis has increased, which is probably associated with the greater availability of diagnostic tests and the cooperation of many experienced specialists in various scientific disciplines. In addition to the possible genetic etiology, the cause of GEP-NET development is not fully understood. Inflammation and obesity are known risks that contribute to the development of many diseases. Chronic inflammation accompanying obesity affects the hormonal balance and cell proliferation and causes the impairment of the immune system function, leading to neoplastic transformation. This review explores the role of inflammation and obesity in GEP-NETs. The exact mechanisms inducing tumor growth are unknown; however, the profile of inflammatory factors released in the GEP-NET tumor microenvironment is responsible for the progression or inhibition of tumor growth. Both the excess of adipose tissue and the impaired function of the immune system affect not only the initiation of cancer but also reduce the comfort and lifetime of patients.
Keyphrases
- insulin resistance
- oxidative stress
- metabolic syndrome
- weight loss
- adipose tissue
- high fat diet induced
- type diabetes
- weight gain
- cell proliferation
- end stage renal disease
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- randomized controlled trial
- chronic kidney disease
- skeletal muscle
- systematic review
- ejection fraction
- newly diagnosed
- risk assessment
- body mass index
- prognostic factors
- cell cycle
- squamous cell carcinoma
- gene expression
- dna methylation
- climate change
- young adults
- squamous cell
- childhood cancer