Alchemical approach performance in calculating the ligand-binding free energy.

Alchemical binding free energy calculations are one of the most accurate methods for estimating ligand-binding affinity. Assessing the accuracy of the approach over protein targets is one of the most interesting issues. The free energy difference of binding between a protein and a ligand was calculated via the alchemical approach. The alchemical approach exhibits satisfactory accuracy over four targets, including AmpC beta-lactamase (AmpC); glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 1 (GluK1); heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90); and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro). In particular, the correlation coefficients between calculated binding free energies and the respective experiments over four targets range from 0.56 to 0.86. The affinity computed via free energy perturbation (FEP) simulations is overestimated over the experimental value. Particularly, the electrostatic interaction free energy rules the binding process of ligands to AmpC and GluK1. However, the van der Waals (vdW) interaction free energy plays an important role in the ligand-binding processes of HSP90 and SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The obtained results associate with the hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties of the ligands. This observation may enhance computer-aided drug design.