Regulatory Macrophages and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells in Myeloid Regulatory Cell-Based Therapies.
Maaike SuuringAurélie MoreauPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2021)
Myeloid regulatory cell-based therapy has been shown to be a promising cell-based medicinal approach in organ transplantation and for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and multiple sclerosis. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells and can naturally acquire tolerogenic properties through a variety of differentiation signals and stimuli. Several subtypes of DCs have been generated using additional agents, including vitamin D3, rapamycin and dexamethasone, or immunosuppressive cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). These cells have been extensively studied in animals and humans to develop clinical-grade tolerogenic (tol)DCs. Regulatory macrophages (Mregs) are another type of protective myeloid cell that provide a tolerogenic environment, and have mainly been studied within the context of research on organ transplantation. This review aims to thoroughly describe the ex vivo generation of tolDCs and Mregs, their mechanism of action, as well as their therapeutic application and assessment in human clinical trials.
Keyphrases
- dendritic cells
- regulatory t cells
- cell therapy
- transforming growth factor
- immune response
- type diabetes
- single cell
- multiple sclerosis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- induced apoptosis
- transcription factor
- cell cycle arrest
- bone marrow
- endothelial cells
- randomized controlled trial
- cardiovascular disease
- acute myeloid leukemia
- cell death
- adipose tissue
- low dose
- high dose
- multidrug resistant
- skeletal muscle
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- replacement therapy
- mesenchymal stem cells
- induced pluripotent stem cells