Transarterial Embolization Enhances Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expression and Influences CD8 + T Lymphocytes Cytotoxicity in an Orthotopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Rat Model.

Immune cells are distributed unevenly in the tumours after TAE. The intrinsic induction state of the tumour after embolization may be insufficient to elicit a maximal response to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.