The Potential Paradoxical Neurocognitive Effects of Cannabis Use in Patients with Psychotic Disorders: A Critical Meta-Review of Meta-Analytical Evidence.

Background: The association between cannabis and cognitive functions has been thoroughly studied in psychotic disorders, but conflictual/paradoxical results have emerged. This critical meta-review examined the magnitude of effects of cannabis on neurocognitive functions in patients with psychotic disorders provided by meta-analyses and evaluated the quality of evidence. Methods: A systematic search of meta-analyses was performed in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Results: The search retrieved six meta-analyses. Quality of evidence varied from very low to moderate quality. No neurocognitive difference was observed between cannabis users and nonusers in first episode of psychosis samples. Limited evidence showed no significant difference in language, psychomotor functioning, and verbal/visual learning/memory, apart from improvements in verbal and visual memory (recognition). Findings showed better neurocognitive performances in cannabis-using patients for planning/reasoning and working memory. There were tendencies toward significance for processing speed and attention. Most effect sizes showed small to moderate degrees of outperformances in cannabis users. Individuals with lifetime use appeared to show better neurocognitive functions. Conclusion: Evidence indicated nonuniform effects of cannabis use across cognitive domains, with some areas suggesting better cognitive performances in cannabis users, entitled the paradoxical effect of the dually diagnosed. Clinical significance of these findings should be interpreted cautiously.