Calmodulin Mutations in Human Disease.

Calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) are the basis of a unique and potent array of cellular responses. Calmodulin (CaM) is a small but vital protein that is able to rapidly transmit information about changes in Ca 2+ concentrations to its regulatory targets. CaM plays a critical role in cellular Ca 2+ signaling, and interacts with a myriad of target proteins. Ca 2+ -dependent modulation by CaM is a major component of a diverse array of processes, ranging from gene expression in neurons to the shaping of the cardiac action potential in heart cells. Furthermore, the protein sequence of CaM is highly evolutionarily conserved, and identical CaM proteins are encoded by three independent genes ( CALM1-3 ) in humans. Mutations within any of these three genes may lead to severe cardiac deficits including severe long QT syndrome (LQTS) and/or catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). Research into disease-associated CaM variants has identified several proteins modulated by CaM that are likely to underlie the pathogenesis of these calmodulinopathies, including the cardiac L-type Ca 2+ channel (LTCC) Ca V 1.2, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ release channel, ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2). Here, we review the research that has been done to identify calmodulinopathic CaM mutations and evaluate the mechanisms underlying their role in disease.