Intra-articular placebo effect in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a survey of the current clinical evidence.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a debilitating disease characterized by chronic pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility. Intra-articular injectable therapies show good clinical efficacy in improving symptoms; however, these therapies and their comparators (intra-articular saline) have been associated with a large underlying placebo effect. We aimed to describe the existing evidence on the challenges, hypotheses, and potential solutions to mitigate the intra-articular placebo effect in clinical trials in KOA. A targeted literature review was conducted by searching Embase, MEDLINE®, and CENTRAL using predefined study selection criteria. All eligible studies identified were extracted for relevant data, and results were narratively summarized. Forty-three studies were included following screening. Challenges associated with the intra-articular placebo effect included its ability to mask the comparative efficacy of active treatments in trials ( n  = 7 studies), long-lasting effects (up to 6 months; n  = 3), and substantial variation of placebo effect sizes across populations ( n  = 3). Hypotheses for the mechanism of the placebo effect included aspiration of synovial fluid during administration ( n  = 6) and dilution of inflammatory mediators ( n  = 2). Factors affecting the placebo effect size were more invasive routes of administration (e.g., injection versus oral; n  = 4) and patient expectations ( n  = 2). Proposed solutions included the suggestion for readers to weigh the relevance of clinical trial evidence against the presence of large underlying placebo effects ( n  = 9), discontinuation of intra-articular saline as an appropriate placebo ( n  = 5), and inclusion of 'no treatment' or sham injection as a control ( n  = 4). The intra-articular placebo effect is a well-documented occurrence in KOA clinical trials, and it is suggested that it be accounted for when designing randomized controlled trials. Awareness and understanding of the intra-articular placebo effect in KOA are required for fair interpretation of clinical trial evidence.