Adnexal masses in pregnancy: an updated review on diagnosis and treatment.
Valentina D'AmbrosioRoberto BrunelliLucia MusacchioValentina Del NegroFlaminia VenaGaia BoccuzziChiara BoccheriniViolante Di DonatoMaria Grazia PiccioniPierluigi Benedetti PaniciAntonella GiancottiPublished in: Tumori (2020)
Adnexal masses are not common in pregnancy. They are often discovered incidentally during routine ultrasound examinations. In general, 24%-40% of the cases are benign tumors; up to 8% are malignant tumors. Adnexal masses are usually asymptomatic, but sometimes can be responsible for abdominal or pelvic pain. Transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasound is essential to define the morphology of pelvic masses and to distinguish between benign and malignant cases. Magnetic resonance imaging can be a complementary examination when ultrasound findings are equivocal and a useful additional examination to better define tissue planes and relations with other organs. Patient counseling can be challenging because there is no clear consensus on the management of adnexal masses during pregnancy. Treatment options consist of observational management (in case of asymptomatic women with reassuring instrumental findings) or surgery (via laparoscopy or laparotomy). Surgery can be offered as a primary tool when cancer is suspected or when acute complications such as ovarian torsion occur.
Keyphrases
- magnetic resonance imaging
- contrast enhanced
- contrast enhanced ultrasound
- ultrasound guided
- fine needle aspiration
- minimally invasive
- coronary artery bypass
- computed tomography
- rectal cancer
- preterm birth
- chronic pain
- liver failure
- clinical practice
- diffusion weighted imaging
- pulmonary embolism
- neuropathic pain
- pregnant women
- squamous cell carcinoma
- pregnancy outcomes
- magnetic resonance
- papillary thyroid
- risk factors
- smoking cessation
- hepatitis b virus
- surgical site infection
- drug induced
- spinal cord injury
- cross sectional
- men who have sex with men
- young adults
- acute respiratory distress syndrome