A Systematic Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Typhoid Salmonella Spondylodiscitis in Immunocompetent Children.
Galateia KatzourakiElias S VasiliadisVasileios MarougklianisDimitrios Stergios EvangelopoulosSpyros G PneumaticosPublished in: Children (Basel, Switzerland) (2022)
The aim of this systematic review is to distinguish the clinical features of immunocompetent children with non-typhoid Salmonella spondylodiscitis and summarize the diagnosis, diagnostic tools, and treatment methods to guide clinicians. The review was conducted according to the preferred PRISMA guidelines. We conducted a literature search in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Article screening, data extraction, and study evaluation were performed by two independent reviewers. A total of 20 articles, published between 1977 and 2020, were selected, which included 21 patients with average age of 12.76 years (range, 2-18) without comorbidities; in total, 19% of the patients had positive blood cultures for non-typhoid Salmonella , and 80.9% underwent either CT-guided or open biopsy, which were positive for NTS. All infections were monomicrobial, and 11 different serotypes of non-typhoid Salmonella were identified. Analyzing the reviewed cases, 52.4% of the patients presented with fever, 90.5% had localized pain, and only 19% had gastroenteritis. The most common level of discitis was the lumbar region, especially the L4/L5 level. Primarily, third-generation cephalosporin was administered, and antibiotic treatment was given for an average of 9.6 weeks. Non-typhoid Salmonella spondylodiscitis is a rare clinical entity in healthy and immunocompetent children. The identification of the responsible organism is essential to guide antibiotic therapy and define the treatment duration. A significant limiting factor in this systematic review was the lack of published research articles and case series due to the rarity of the disease.
Keyphrases
- systematic review
- escherichia coli
- meta analyses
- end stage renal disease
- listeria monocytogenes
- young adults
- newly diagnosed
- ejection fraction
- chronic kidney disease
- peritoneal dialysis
- minimally invasive
- randomized controlled trial
- palliative care
- computed tomography
- stem cells
- magnetic resonance imaging
- chronic pain
- mesenchymal stem cells
- patient reported outcomes
- big data
- spinal cord injury
- machine learning
- artificial intelligence
- magnetic resonance
- bone marrow
- combination therapy
- data analysis
- multidrug resistant