Reference Genes for Expression Analyses by qRT-PCR in Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Due to a lack of effective internal references, studies on functional genes in Phthorimaea operculella , a serious Lepidopteran pest attacking potatoes worldwide, have been greatly limited. To select suitable endogenous controls, ten housekeeping genes of actin ( ACT ), α-tubulin ( α-TUB ), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ), elongation factor 1α ( EF1α ), 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA ( 18S , 28S ), ribosomal protein genes RPL4 , RPL13 and RPL27 and superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) were tested. Their expression levels were determined under three different experimental conditions (developmental stages, tissues/organs and temperatures) using qRT-PCR technology. The stability was evaluated with five methods (Ct value, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder). The results clarified that RPL13 , EF1α and RPL27 are ranked as the best reference gene combination for measuring gene expression levels among different developing stages and under various temperatures; EF1α and RPL13 are recommended to normalize the gene expression levels among diverse tissues. EF1α and RPL13 are the best reference genes in all the experimental conditions. To validate the utility of the selected reference pair, EF1α and RPL13 , we estimated the tissue-biased expression level of chitin synthase A gene ( PoChSA ). As expected, PoChSA was abundantly expressed in ectodermally derived epidermal cells, and lowly transcribed in the midgut. These findings will lay the foundation for future research on the molecular physiology and biochemistry of P. operculella .