Dark Side of Ammonium Nitrogen in Paddy Soil with Low Organic Matter: Stimulation of Microbial As(V) Reduction and As(III) Transfer from Soil to Rice Grains.

The bioavailability of arsenic (As) is influenced by ammonium (NH 4 + -N) fertilization, but the underlying mechanisms controlling As transformation in soil-rice systems are still not fully understood. The effects of two NH 4 + -N fertilizers, urea and NH 4 HCO 3 , on the transformation of As in a paddy soil with low organic matter content and transfer in rice plants were investigated. Treatments with urea and NH 4 HCO 3 significantly increased arsenite (As(III)) concentration in porewater, bioavailable As in rhizosphere soil, and the relative abundance of the As(V) respiratory reductase gene ( arrA ) and As(III) methyltransferase gene ( arsM ). Furthermore, the relative expression of As transporter genes in rice roots, such as OsLsi1 , OsLsi2 , and OsLsi3 , was upregulated, and the translocation efficiency of As(III) from rice roots to brown rice was promoted. Subsequently, As(III) accumulation in brown rice significantly increased. Therefore, attention should be paid to As-contaminated paddy fields with NH 4 + -N fertilization.