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What Is the Status of Immunotherapy in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms?

Alejandro Garcia-AlvarezJorge Hernando CuberoJaume Capdevila
Published in: Current oncology reports (2022)
PD-L1 staining by immunohistochemistry has shown heterogeneous results across different studies in both well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). Tumor mutational burden in NENs is low, but seems to be higher in NECs. Immune infiltrate (CD3+ lymphocytes) at the tumor microenvironment (TME) is present in NETs and NECs. However, results from clinical trials with immunotherapy as monotherapy o combinations have shown limited efficacy. Further investigation into new strategies aside from anti-CTLA-4/PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, validation of predictive biomarkers, and better population selection for clinical trials in NENs are more than needed in the near future.
Keyphrases
  • clinical trial
  • neuroendocrine tumors
  • open label
  • phase ii
  • peripheral blood
  • high grade
  • current status
  • study protocol
  • phase iii
  • combination therapy
  • flow cytometry
  • randomized controlled trial