ESBL/AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli in Wild Boar: Epidemiology and Risk Factors.
Nicoletta FormentiStefania CalòGiovanni ParisioFlavia GuarneriLaura BirbesAlessandra PitozziFederico ScaliMatteo TonniFederica GuadagnoStefano GiovanniniCristian SalogniAdriana IanieriSilvia BelliniPaolo PasqualiGiovanni Loris AlboraliPublished in: Animals : an open access journal from MDPI (2021)
The complex health problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) involves many host species, numerous bacteria and several routes of transmission. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC (ESBL/AmpC)-producing Escherichia coli are among the most important strains. Moreover, wildlife hosts are of interest as they are likely antibiotics free and are assumed as environmental indicators of AMR contamination. Particularly, wild boar (Sus scrofa) deserves attention because of its increased population densities, with consequent health risks at the wildlife-domestic-human interface, and the limited data available on AMR. Here, 1504 wild boar fecal samples were microbiologically and molecularly analyzed to investigate ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli and, through generalized linear models, the effects of host-related factors and of human population density on their spread. A prevalence of 15.96% of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli, supported by blaCTX-M (12.3%), blaTEM (6.98%), blaCMY (0.86%) and blaSHV (0.47%) gene detection, emerged. Young animals were more colonized by ESBL/AmpC strains than older subjects, as observed in domestic animals. Increased human population density leads to increased blaTEM prevalence in wild boar, suggesting that spatial overlap may favor this transmission. Our results show a high level of AMR contamination in the study area that should be further investigated. However, a role of wild boar as a maintenance host of AMR strains emerged.
Keyphrases
- escherichia coli
- risk factors
- antimicrobial resistance
- klebsiella pneumoniae
- endothelial cells
- biofilm formation
- genetic diversity
- induced pluripotent stem cells
- risk assessment
- human health
- physical activity
- pluripotent stem cells
- healthcare
- mental health
- middle aged
- drinking water
- genome wide
- gene expression
- multidrug resistant
- electronic health record
- copy number
- staphylococcus aureus
- high resolution
- atomic force microscopy
- single molecule
- life cycle
- neural network