Federated Abnormal Heart Sound Detection with Weak to No Labels.

Cardiovascular diseases are a prominent cause of mortality, emphasizing the need for early prevention and diagnosis. Utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) models, heart sound analysis emerges as a noninvasive and universally applicable approach for assessing cardiovascular health conditions. However, real-world medical data are dispersed across medical institutions, forming "data islands" due to data sharing limitations for security reasons. To this end, federated learning (FL) has been extensively employed in the medical field, which can effectively model across multiple institutions. Additionally, conventional supervised classification methods require fully labeled data classes, e.g., binary classification requires labeling of positive and negative samples. Nevertheless, the process of labeling healthcare data is time-consuming and labor-intensive, leading to the possibility of mislabeling negative samples. In this study, we validate an FL framework with a naive positive-unlabeled ( PU ) learning strategy. Semisupervised FL model can directly learn from a limited set of positive samples and an extensive pool of unlabeled samples. Our emphasis is on vertical-FL to enhance collaboration across institutions with different medical record feature spaces. Additionally, our contribution extends to feature importance analysis, where we explore 6 methods and provide practical recommendations for detecting abnormal heart sounds. The study demonstrated an impressive accuracy of 84%, comparable to outcomes in supervised learning, thereby advancing the application of FL in abnormal heart sound detection.