NBEAL2 deficiency in humans leads to low CTLA-4 expression in activated conventional T cells.

Loss of NBEAL2 function leads to grey platelet syndrome (GPS), a bleeding disorder characterized by macro-thrombocytopenia and α-granule-deficient platelets. A proportion of patients with GPS develop autoimmunity through an unknown mechanism, which might be related to the proteins NBEAL2 interacts with, specifically in immune cells. Here we show a comprehensive interactome of NBEAL2 in primary T cells, based on mass spectrometry identification of altogether 74 protein association partners. These include LRBA, a member of the same BEACH domain family as NBEAL2, recessive mutations of which cause autoimmunity and lymphocytic infiltration through defective CTLA-4 trafficking. Investigating the potential association between NBEAL2 and CTLA-4 signalling suggested by the mass spectrometry results, we confirm by co-immunoprecipitation that CTLA-4 and NBEAL2 interact with each other. Interestingly, NBEAL2 deficiency leads to low CTLA-4 expression in patient-derived effector T cells, while their regulatory T cells appear unaffected. Knocking-down NBEAL2 in healthy primary T cells recapitulates the low CTLA-4 expression observed in the T cells of GPS patients. Our results thus show that NBEAL2 is involved in the regulation of CTLA-4 expression in conventional T cells and provide a rationale for considering CTLA-4-immunoglobulin therapy in patients with GPS and autoimmune disease.