INSM1, a Novel Biomarker for Detection of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Cytopathologists' View.
Zahra MalekiAkash NadellaMohnish NadellaGopi PatelShivni PatelIvana KholováPublished in: Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) (2021)
Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1) has been considered as a novel immunostain for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and is hypothesized to be more reliable than first-generation NET biomarkers, such as CGA (chromogranin A), SYP (synaptophysin) and CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule). In this review, we summarize existing literature on INSM1's reliability as an immunostain for detection of various NETs, its results in comparison to first-generation NET biomarkers, and its expression in both non-NETs and benign tissues/cells on cytology specimens (cell blocks/smears).
Keyphrases
- cell adhesion
- neuroendocrine tumors
- loop mediated isothermal amplification
- induced apoptosis
- fine needle aspiration
- real time pcr
- label free
- poor prognosis
- systematic review
- single cell
- gene expression
- cell cycle arrest
- cell therapy
- stem cells
- binding protein
- signaling pathway
- mesenchymal stem cells
- long non coding rna
- clinical evaluation