Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor for Treatment of Patients with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: A Preliminary Pre-Post Study.

The results suggest that 6-month chronic G-CSF treatment is safe for patients with chronic TBI and may provide clinical benefits and neurological improvements. The adverse effects of the treatment, however, are transient and usually tolerable. Thus, these preliminary findings suggest that future clinical trials of G-CSF use in patients with chronic TBI are warranted.