Life Table Study of Liriomyza trifolii and Its Contribution to Thermotolerance: Responding to Long-Term Selection Pressure for Abamectin Resistance.

Liriomyza trifolii is a significant invasive pest that targets horticultural and vegetable crops, causing large-scale outbreaks characterized by pronounced thermotolerance and insecticide resistance. This study examined the impact of long-term selection for abamectin resistance during the larval stage of L. trifolii on its population dynamics and thermal tolerance. We conducted a comprehensive comparison between the abamectin-resistant strain (AB-R) and the susceptible strain (S), including age-stage, two-sex life table analysis, thermal preference (T pref ), critical thermal maximum (CT max ), heat knockdown times (HKDTs), eclosion and survival rates, and LtHsp expression under heat stress. Our results showed that while selection for abamectin resistance was detrimental to survival and reproduction, it activated self-defense mechanisms and rapid adaptive adjustments and conferred modest thermal tolerance, which suggests a dual nature of insecticide effects. The AB-R strain exhibited significantly higher thermal preference and CT max values, along with a longer HKDT and improved survival. Additionally, there was a significant upregulation of LtHsp expression in the AB-R strain compared to the S strain. These findings indicate that the evolution of thermal adaptation was accompanied by abamectin resistance development, emphasizing the necessity of considering temperature effects when applying chemical control. Our study provides valuable insights into how physiological acclimation may help mitigate the toxic effects of insecticides and illustrate how insects respond to multiple environmental pressures.