A Review of the Hereditary Component of Triple Negative Breast Cancer: High- and Moderate-Penetrance Breast Cancer Genes, Low-Penetrance Loci, and the Role of Nontraditional Genetic Elements.
Darrell L EllsworthClesson E TurnerRachel E EllsworthPublished in: Journal of oncology (2019)
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), representing 10-15% of breast tumors diagnosed each year, is a clinically defined subtype of breast cancer associated with poor prognosis. The higher incidence of TNBC in certain populations such as young women and/or women of African ancestry and a unique pathological phenotype shared between TNBC and BRCA1-deficient tumors suggest that TNBC may be inherited through germline mutations. In this article, we describe genes and genetic elements, beyond BRCA1 and BRCA2, which have been associated with increased risk of TNBC. Multigene panel testing has identified high- and moderate-penetrance cancer predisposition genes associated with increased risk for TNBC. Development of large-scale genome-wide SNP assays coupled with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has led to the discovery of low-penetrance TNBC-associated loci. Next-generation sequencing has identified variants in noncoding RNAs, viral integration sites, and genes in underexplored regions of the human genome that may contribute to the genetic underpinnings of TNBC. Advances in our understanding of the genetics of TNBC are driving improvements in risk assessment and patient management.
Keyphrases
- genome wide
- copy number
- dna methylation
- poor prognosis
- risk assessment
- genome wide association
- endothelial cells
- heavy metals
- long non coding rna
- gene expression
- sars cov
- high throughput
- squamous cell carcinoma
- genome wide association study
- adipose tissue
- metabolic syndrome
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- human health
- insulin resistance
- pregnant women
- papillary thyroid
- dna damage
- cell free
- wild type