Genetics, Toxicity, and Distribution of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Hemolysin.
Maike SchwidderLaura HeinischHerbert SchmidtPublished in: Toxins (2019)
The ability to produce enterohemolysin is regarded as a potential virulence factor for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and is frequently associated with severe human diseases such as hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The responsible toxin, which has also been termed EHEC-hemolysin (EHEC-Hly, syn. Ehx), belongs to the Repeats in Toxin (RTX)-family of pore-forming cytolysins and is characterized by the formation of incomplete turbid lysis zones on blood agar plates containing defibrinated sheep erythrocytes. Besides the expression of Shiga toxins (Stx) and the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), EHEC-Hly is a commonly used marker for the detection of potential pathogenic E. coli strains, although its exact role in pathogenesis is not completely understood. Based on the current knowledge of EHEC-Hly, this review describes the influence of various regulator proteins, explains the different mechanisms leading to damage of target cells, discusses the diagnostic role, and gives an insight of the prevalence and genetic evolution of the toxin.
Keyphrases
- escherichia coli
- biofilm formation
- oxidative stress
- klebsiella pneumoniae
- induced apoptosis
- endothelial cells
- poor prognosis
- healthcare
- human health
- transcription factor
- risk factors
- staphylococcus aureus
- cell cycle arrest
- density functional theory
- signaling pathway
- long non coding rna
- loop mediated isothermal amplification
- ulcerative colitis
- drug induced
- cell proliferation
- cell death
- antimicrobial resistance
- sensitive detection
- oxide nanoparticles