Regulation of endogenous retroviruses in murine embryonic stem cells and early embryos.

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are an important component of the transposable elements, which constitute ∼50% of the mammalian genome. They exhibit dynamic expression during early embryonic development and are engaged in numerous biological processes. Therefore, their expression must be closely monitored by cells. Studies on the expression regulation of ERVs have been focused on mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and early embryonic development. This review encapsulates recent advances in the modulation of ERVs in mouse ESCs and preimplantation embryos. The review first touches on the classification, expression, and functions of ERVs in mouse ESCs and early embryos. Next, the review mainly discusses the ERV modulation strategies from the perspectives of transcription, epigenetic modification, nucleosome/chromatin assembly, and post-transcriptional control.