Pre-Implementation Formative Evaluation of Co-Operative Pain Education and Self-Management (COPES) Expanding Treatment for Real-World Access (ExTRA): A Pragmatic Pain Trial.

This formative evaluation identified clinician and system barriers to widespread implementation of CBT-CP and allowed for refinement of the subsequent implementation of two forms of CBT-CP in an ongoing pragmatic trial. Identification of relative difference in barriers and facilitators in the two forms of CBT-CP may emerge more clearly in a pragmatic trial that evaluates how treatments perform in real-world settings and may provide important information to guide future system-wide implementation efforts.