Enantioselective Toxicity and Potential Endocrine-Disruptive Effects of the Insecticides Flufiprole and Ethiprole on Danio rerio .

Phenylpyrazole insecticides are widely used as chiral pesticides. However, the enantioselective toxicity and potential endocrine-disrupting effects of these insecticides on aquatic organisms remain unclear. Herein, the enantioselective toxicity and potential endocrine-disrupting effects of flufiprole and ethiprole were investigated by using zebrafish embryos/larvae as a model. The acute toxicity of R -flufiprole and R -ethiprole toward zebrafish embryos and larvae was 1.8-3.1-fold higher than that of the S -configuration. Additionally, R -flufiprole and R -ethiprole had a greater effect on the expression of genes related to the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis in zebrafish compared with the S-configuration. Nevertheless, both S -flufiprole and S -ethiprole exhibited a greater interference effect on the expression of genes related to the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis and a greater teratogenic effect on zebrafish than the R-configuration. Thus, this study demonstrates that both flufiprole and ethiprole exhibit enantioselective acute toxicity and developmental toxicity toward zebrafish. Furthermore, those pesticides potentially possess enantioselective endocrine-disrupting effects.