Intravesical thermochemotherapy in the treatment of high-risk and very high-risk non-muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer: a single-arm study.

Based on our experience, HIVEC represents an adequate and safe alternative treatment for HR and very HR NMIBC in situations where BCG is not available or radical cystectomy is not an option for the patient. However, high-quality data from prospective randomized studies are still lacking, and thus, thermochemotherapy should still be regarded as an experimental treatment modality.