Next-generation interaction proteomics for quantitative Jumbophage-bacteria interaction mapping.

Host-pathogen interactions (HPIs) are pivotal in regulating establishment, progression, and outcome of an infection. Affinity-purification mass spectrometry has become instrumental for the characterization of HPIs, however the targeted nature of exogenously expressing individual viral proteins has limited its utility to the analysis of relatively small pathogens. Here we present the use of co-fractionation mass spectrometry (SEC-MS) for the high-throughput analysis of HPIs from native viral infections of two jumbophages ( ϕ KZ and ϕ PA3) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . This enabled the detection >6000 unique host-pathogen and >200 pathogen-pathogen interactions for each phage, encompassing >50% of the phage proteome. Interactome-wide comparison across phages showed similar perturbed protein interactions suggesting fundamentally conserved mechanisms of phage predation within the KZ-like phage family. Prediction of novel ORFs revealed a ϕ PA3 complex showing strong structural and sequence similarity to ϕ KZ nvRNAp, suggesting ϕ PA3 also possesses two RNA polymerases acting at different stages of the infection cycle. We further expanded our understanding on the molecular organization of the injected phage proteome by providing 23 novel virion components and 5 novel injected proteins, as well as providing the first evidence for phage manipulation of the host ribosome. To enable accessibility to this data, we developed PhageMAP, an online resource for network query, visualization, and interaction prediction http://phagemap.ucsf.edu/ . We anticipate this study will lay the foundation for the application of co-fractionation mass spectrometry for the scalable profiling of host-pathogen interactomes and protein complex dynamics upon infection.