Neuroprotective actions of a fatty acid nitroalkene in Parkinson's disease.

To date there are no therapeutic strategies that limit the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). The mechanisms underlying PD-related nigrostriatal neurodegeneration remain incompletely understood, with multiple factors modulating the course of PD pathogenesis. This includes Nrf2-dependent gene expression, oxidative stress, α-synuclein pathology, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. In vitro and sub-acute in vivo rotenone rat models of PD were used to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of a clinically-safe, multi-target metabolic and inflammatory modulator, the electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkene 10-nitro-oleic acid (10-NO 2 -OA). In N27-A dopaminergic cells and in the substantia nigra pars compacta of rats, 10-NO 2 -OA activated Nrf2-regulated gene expression and inhibited NOX2 and LRRK2 hyperactivation, oxidative stress, microglial activation, α-synuclein modification, and downstream mitochondrial import impairment. These data reveal broad neuroprotective actions of 10-NO 2 -OA in a sub-acute model of PD and motivate more chronic studies in rodents and primates.