A review on inorganic gaseous pollutants in conservation spaces: monitoring instrumentation and indoor concentrations.

This contribution presents the results of a review of scientific literature on gaseous inorganic pollutants monitored in confined indoor spaces housing cultural heritage. A survey on standards suggesting concentration thresholds together with European projects on the topic was provided. Sixty-six scientific articles were systematically selected based on the PRISMA flow diagram over the period 1984-2021 for a total number of 80 case studies mainly located in Europe (64%). Monitoring was mainly performed in museums and galleries (61%), specifically in exhibition rooms (79%). Active devices were rarely employed, whereas passive samplers, exposed in situ and then laboratory-analysed, were mostly used for nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide monitoring. Direct-reading continuous devices were widely used for ozone monitoring. It was found that average concentrations of ozone were below 5 ppb in only 50% of cases, nitrogen dioxide below 10 ppb in more than 60% of cases, nitric oxide below 5 ppb in 30% of cases, nitric and nitrous acid below 1 ppb in less than 50% of cases, sulphur dioxide below 2 ppb in more than 60% of cases, and hydrogen sulphide below 0.1 ppb in only 25% of cases. Comparisons were performed following the thresholds suggested in the literature. The lowest concentration values were usually associated to the use of mechanical ventilation systems equipped with air filters and to non-urban case studies. The low number of case studies can be due to the difficulties to perform monitoring in conservation spaces with current instruments. Further research should be conducted to uniform standards that suggest instruments' requirements and pollutant thresholds to limit degradation on cultural materials.