Single-world intervention graphs for defining, identifying, and communicating estimands in clinical trials.

Confusion often arises when attempting to articulate target estimand(s) of a clinical trial in plain language. We aim to rectify this confusion by using a type of causal graph called the Single-World Intervention Graph (SWIG) to provide a visual representation of the estimand that can be effectively communicated to interdisciplinary stakeholders. These graphs not only display estimands, but also illustrate the assumptions under which a causal estimand is identifiable by presenting the graphical relationships between the treatment, intercurrent events, and clinical outcomes. To demonstrate its usefulness in pharmaceutical research, we present examples of SWIGs for various intercurrent event strategies specified in the ICH E9(R1) addendum, as well as an example from a real-world clinical trial for chronic pain. code to generate all the SWIGs shown is this paper is made available. We advocate clinical trialists adopt the use of SWIGs in their estimand discussions during the planning stages of their studies.