MRI findings of nonobstructive azoospermia: lesions in and out of pelvic cavity.
Yang PengLongyuan OuyangZhi LinFan ZhangHuanjun J WangJian GuanPublished in: Abdominal radiology (New York) (2021)
Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) can be caused by various diseases, including congenital disorders, endocrine disorders, infections, tumor or tumor-like diseases, vascular diseases, etc. Diagnosis of the underlying cause of NOA is complicated and challenging. In this study, we introduce an MR examination protocol for the etiological diagnosis of NOA, and demonstrate a series of NOA patients with different causes and imaging findings. Except for lesions of testes, the patients may also combine abnormalities of adrenal glands and central nervous system. In such cases, the patients could benefit from additional abdominal and intracranial scans.
Keyphrases
- end stage renal disease
- ejection fraction
- newly diagnosed
- chronic kidney disease
- magnetic resonance imaging
- randomized controlled trial
- computed tomography
- peritoneal dialysis
- contrast enhanced
- heart failure
- patient reported outcomes
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- rectal cancer
- cerebrospinal fluid
- patient reported
- fluorescence imaging