Analysis of the gut microbiota and fecal metabolites in people living with HIV.

The gut microbiome has a pivotal function in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the associated alterations in the gut microbiome-host interaction are unknown. Herein, we aimed to investigate the gut microbiota and fecal metabolites in people living with HIV (PLWH). We collected stool samples from 70 PLWH and 34 healthy controls (HCs) and carried out 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analyzed the metabolites using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Firmicutes , Proteobacteria , Actinobacteriota , and Bacteroidota were the most abundant phyla in both groups. Among genera, the level of Escherichia - Shigella was upregulated significantly in the PLWH group, whereas in the HC group, Bacteroides spp. were upregulated. Prediction of microbial function indicated significant reductions in alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and histidine metabolism. Furthermore, a comparison of the fecal metabolites between the HC and PLWH groups identified 38 differentially abundant metabolites in four differentially enriched human metabolic pathways. According to Spearman correlation analysis, there are close relationships between four differentially abundant microbiota members and five differentially abundant fecal metabolites, which might influence particular human metabolic pathways. Our findings provide a basis for further experimental investigation of the contribution of the gut microbiota and its associated metabolites to HIV/AIDS, providing a novel perspective for the further study of HIV/AIDS.IMPORTANCEGrowing evidence demonstrates that the gut microbiota is associated with HIV. This study investigated changes in the gut microbiota and fecal metabolites in PLWH. We identified 38 differentially abundant metabolites in four differentially enriched human metabolic pathways. Moreover, close relationships were noted between the four differentially abundant microbiota members and five differentially abundant fecal metabolites, which might influence particular human metabolic pathways. Thus, to benefit PLWH, potential pathobionts could be reduced (e.g., g_ Enterococcus ); probiotics could be increased (e.g., g_ Faecalibacterium and g_ Agathobacter ); or certain metabolites (e.g., N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine and trehalose) could be reduced by changes in diet or the use of nutritional supplements. Our results provide insights into the interaction between the gut microbiota and the host, identifying possible targets that might be beneficial for PLWH.