Maternal smoking induces impaired lung function, pulmonary lesions, and mitochondrial dysfunction in offspring, regardless of exposure timing and duration. Additionally, it alters expression of apoptosis-related proteins in offspring lung tissue, potentially contributing to COPD susceptibility.
Keyphrases
- lung function
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- high fat diet
- cystic fibrosis
- air pollution
- birth weight
- poor prognosis
- pregnancy outcomes
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- smoking cessation
- high fat diet induced
- metabolic syndrome
- pregnant women
- type diabetes
- binding protein
- gestational age
- weight loss
- body mass index