Managed competition in Colombia: convergence of public and private insurance and delivery.

The Colombian health system has made a deep transition into managed competition since a major reform in 1993. A market for insurers was created, the consumer has free choice of insurer and a national-level equalisation fund distributes revenues via a per-capita payment. Fully subsidised insurance for the poor and informal, and a comprehensive standardised benefit package for subsidised and contributory schemes (both schemes covering 98 per cent of the population), has led to a low level of out-of-pocket expenses and high financial protection, as well as to reduced gaps in equity in access. The preconditions for managed competition are largely met, but improving health care providers' organisation towards integrated care, to enable them to deliver more value, is a necessary step to achieve the expected results of managed competition in terms of efficiency and quality. Although the current system is likely to be reformed in the coming months, the nature and extent of those reforms are not defined yet, so our analysis is based on the current system.