Evaluation of Cellular Absorption and Metabolism of β-Carotene Loaded in Nanocarriers after In Vitro Digestion.
Ling ChenWallace H YokoyamaChristina TamYuqing TanPricilla AlvesGlenn BartleyFang ZhongPublished in: Journal of agricultural and food chemistry (2021)
Three protein emulsifiers encapsulating β-carotene (BC) with accompanying lipids into nanoemulsions (NEs) or without lipids into nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated to study the effect of the type of interfacial protein on carrier design and the structure remodeling during digestion on the overall uptake and metabolism of BC in Caco-2 cells. BC-loaded micelles and micellar-like aggregates were collected after in vitro digestion and applied to Caco-2 cell monolayers. The digestion process significantly enhanced the cellular uptake of BC by 1.2-2.2 times and 4.1-8.2 times loaded in NEs and NPs, respectively. Whey protein isolate-based carriers improved the absorption but decreased the metabolism of BC to retinyl palmitate. The presence of lipids was found to improve metabolism and aid the transport of retinoids to the basolateral side of Caco-2 monolayers. Understanding the transportation behavior of the protein-based nanocarries after digestion may contribute to the design of biosafe carriers with higher bioavailability to deliver lipophilic nutrients.
Keyphrases
- drug delivery
- cancer therapy
- anaerobic digestion
- protein protein
- amino acid
- binding protein
- induced apoptosis
- stem cells
- risk assessment
- single cell
- oxidative stress
- cell proliferation
- cell therapy
- signaling pathway
- heavy metals
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- cell cycle arrest
- hyaluronic acid
- oxide nanoparticles
- electron transfer