Harnessing extracellular vesicles-mediated signaling for enhanced bone regeneration: novel insights into scaffold design.

The increasing prevalence of bone replacements and complications associated with bone replacement procedures underscores the need for innovative tissue restoration approaches. Existing synthetic grafts cannot fully replicate bone vascularization and mechanical characteristics. This study introduces a novel strategy utilizing pectin, chitosan, and PVA to create interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) scaffolds incorporated with extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from human mesenchymal stem cells. We assess the osteointegration and osteoconduction abilities of these models in vitro using human mesenchymal stem cell-hMSCs and MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. Additionally, we confirm exosome properties through TEM, immunoblotting, and DLS. In vivo, CAM assay investigates vascularization characteristics. The study did not include in vivo animal experiments. Our results demonstrate that the IPN scaffold is highly porous and interconnected, potentially suitable for bone implants. EVs, approximately 100 nm in size, enhance cell survival, proliferation, ALP activity, and the expression of osteogenic genes. EVs-mediated IPN scaffolds demonstrate promise as precise drug carriers, enabling customized treatments for bone-related conditions and regeneration efforts. Therefore, the EVs-mediated IPN scaffolds demonstrate promise as precise carriers for the transport of drugs, allowing for customized treatments for conditions connected to bone and efforts in regeneration.